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Another cornerstone of plant physiology is photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy. Taking place within the chloroplasts of green plant cells, photosynthesis uses sunlight to transform carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. This process is divided into light-dependent reactions, which capture solar energy, and light-independent reactions, such as the Calvin cycle, which fix carbon. The sugars produced during photosynthesis are then distributed throughout the plant via the phloem in a process called translocation, supplying energy to roots, fruits, and growing tissues. which capture solar energy