* Rescaled indices of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS) for use with the PISA 2012, 2015 and 2018 datasets, available in CSV only.
: Known for tight family units led by a faithful alpha pair. Bald Eagles
Perhaps the most famous "femme fatale," the female mantis occasionally consumes the male after (or during) mating. While it sounds horrific, from an evolutionary standpoint, the male’s sacrifice provides the nutrients necessary for his offspring to survive. animals sexwapcom
While only about 3% of mammals are monogamous, some species are famously devoted: 5 Wildlife Love Stories - American Forests : Known for tight family units led by a faithful alpha pair
We project our own desires onto animals. We want penguins to be monogamous (they’re mostly seasonally monogamous, with a side of "side pebble"). We want bonobos to be deviant. We want anglerfish to be darkly poetic. While only about 3% of mammals are monogamous,
The most successful animal romantic storylines balance emotional truth with ecological authenticity. When a story ignores real animal behavior entirely, the romance can feel shallow or absurd. For example:
But if you dig deeper than the cute captions, the animal kingdom offers a surprisingly complex, hilarious, and sometimes heartbreaking mirror to our own romantic storylines. From epic monogamy to tactical infidelity, nature has written every script Hollywood ever dreamed of.
While we often think of romance as a uniquely human experience—complete with candlelit dinners and nervous first dates—the natural world is packed with its own versions of grand gestures, lifelong devotions, and dramatic heartbreaks. From birds that dance for years to find "the one" to deep-sea fish that literally fuse together, animal relationships offer some of the most compelling romantic storylines on Earth.
* see PISA2018 Technical Report Annex K for details.
** Rescaled indices of economic, social and cultural status (ESCS) for use with the PISA 2000, 2003, 2006, 2009 and 2012 datasets
For PISA 2012, Data are available in TXT format. SAS and SPSS Control Files are available to recreate the dataset in selected format.
For PISA 2009, Data are available in TXT format. SAS and SPSS Control Files are available to recreate the dataset in selected format.
For PISA 2009 ERA, Data are available in TXT format. SAS and SPSS Control Files are available to recreate the dataset in selected format.
Navigation Indices file (SPSS format only)
For PISA 2006, Data are available in TXT format. SAS and SPSS Control Files are available to recreate the dataset in selected format.
Data file with abilities on the Computer-Based Assessment of Science (CBAS) for students from three countries
For PISA 2003, Data are available in TXT format. SAS and SPSS Control Files are available to recreate the dataset in selected format.
For PISA 2000, Data are available in TXT format. SAS and SPSS Control Files are available to recreate the dataset in selected format.
ESCS SPSS and SAS data Files for Economic, social and cultural status (ESCS) data files.